documented effects of c 41 development process

state that persons in denial may minimize their loss. 42 Denial of loss causes a flight from reality. 25 Fitzgerald and Parkes state that 'Anything that seriously impairs sensory or cognitive function is bound to have profound psychological effects, not only on the person who is affected but also on family, friends, workmates, and caregivers.' 42 The thought of permanent loss of sensory function is so painful that persons deny their loss in order to avoid facing the painful feelings.

41, 42, 43, 45 The first stage of grief is denial of the loss. Persons who have lost body parts must grieve their loss. 18 Goldman reports that the performance of circumcision by a circumcised male doctor may be a reenactment of one's own circumcision trauma. 65 Van der Kolk identified a compulsion in traumatized persons to repeat the trauma. Anand and Scalzo suggest that early trauma predisposes to altered pain sensitivity, stress disorders, ADD/hyperactivity, and self-destructive disorders. 48 substantial evidence that perinatal trauma 16, 33, 45, 46, 47, 49, 52, 57 and/or deprivation of pleasure 8, 19 contribute to later aggressive, violent, and/or suicidal behaviour. 56 Rhinehart has documented posttraumatic stress disorder resulting from the perinatal trauma of circumcision in middle-aged males. have demonstrated PTSD in boys in the phallic period who are undergoing circumcision for phimosis. 6 Taddio and others have documented behavioral changes at six months of age, suggestive of PTSD in circumcised boys. 35 Cansever tested boys before and after circumcision and found that the trauma causes severe disturbance of normal function. Circumcision is a form of perinatal (birth) trauma. New material is gradually appearing and will be added to these pages as it becomes available.

Factors influencing parents and doctors to request or perform circumcisions.Īlthough the literature on the psychological impacts of circumcision is far from complete, some information is available.

The effects on the parent (parental-infant bonding).

Effects of early trauma and loss in the adult.

The effects of pain and perinatal trauma on the child.

The study of the psychology of circumcision can be divided into several interrelated areas: Much more study is needed to further elaborate these changes.

24,47,48,51,56,57 However, the specific neurological, psychological, and behavioural changes resulting from early genital trauma have never been carefully investigated. 24,47,47 It can have long-term deleterious effects later in life. The trauma of the experience is injurious. The assumption that no patient would ever regret being circumcised was not justified.Įnough evidence now exists to say with confidence that male circumcision causes psychological changes.The penis and foreskin: Penile anatomy and sexual function.The idea that the foreskin is a 'useless flap of skin' is contradicted by a modern understanding of anatomy.It was also a common belief that the foreskin had no particular structure and no useful function and that the patient would never later regret its loss. The belief that infants cannot feel pain is now outmoded and discredited.According to that orthodoxy, the experience of neonatal circumcision could never have any lasting effect on a child and could not traumatize a child. It was believed that newborn infants had 'poorly developed' neurologic systems that newborns could not feel pain or, if they did feel the pain, they would not remember it. In medical circles, neonatal male circumcision was long assumed to be psychologically and emotionally benign. The material within each category is arranged in order of publication. This menu page indexes and links articles relevant to an understanding of the psychological, neurological, and sociological sequelae and effects of male circumcision. Search Psychological and neurological impacts of circumcision Psychological impacts of male circumcision Abstract Anatomy Function News Pictures Questionnaire Links FAQ

Documented effects of c 41 development process